Method of system compensation to reduce the effects of self interference in frequency modulated continuous wave altimeter systems

ABSTRACT

An altimeter system is provided. The altimeter system includes a receiver mixer including an antenna-input and a local-oscillator-input; a transceiver circulator communicatively coupled to an antenna via a transmission line having a selected length and communicatively coupled to the antenna-input of the receiver mixer; and a transmitter configured to output a transmitter signal to the antenna via the transceiver circulator. The transmitter signal is frequency modulated with a linear ramp. The transmitter is communicatively coupled to the receiver mixer to input a local oscillator signal at the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer. The receiver mixer is communicatively coupled to input a target-reflected signal from the antenna at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer. The selected length of the transmission line is set so that a composite-leakage signal at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer has a linear phase across a sweep bandwidth.

BACKGROUND

Radio altimeters for aircraft are required to measure altitudes (range)from over 6000 feet to less than 4 feet. Single antenna frequencymodulated continuous wave (FMCW) altimeter systems have short rangelimitations due to short path transceiver leakage through various pathsthat create self-interference. A short path transceiver leakage signalis primarily the result of combining a leakage signal due to the finitedirectivity of a transceiver circulator and reflections of thetransmitter signal from (off of) the antenna into the receiver. Theleakage signal due to the finite directivity of the transceivercirculator is referred to herein as a “circulator-leakage signal”. Thereflection of the transmitter signal from the antenna into the receiveris referred to herein as an “antenna-reflection-leakage signal”.

The superposition of the circulator-leakage signal and theantenna-reflection-leakage signal at the receiver generates aself-interference, which can mask actual short range target returns. Thecirculator-leakage signal and the antenna-reflection-leakage signaltypically have slightly different time delays through their differentleakage paths. When the circulator-leakage signal and theantenna-reflection-leakage signal coherently recombine at the receivermixer, they form a composite-leakage signal that has the same frequencybut varies in phase and amplitude versus frequency. Thecomposite-leakage signal is converted in the receiver mixer to a verylow frequency difference signal resulting from the detection of both thephase modulation and amplitude modulation of the composite-leakagesignal. If the target range is small, for example, 3 to 4 feet, theintermediate frequency (IF) of the target reflection signal is slightlyhigher than the IF of the composite-leakage signal and the altimetersystem does not have sufficient frequency resolution to separate theminto separate signals. The receiver mixer output signal is distortedresulting in range errors, missed detections, or grossly false rangedeterminations.

Thus, the self-interference from the short path transceiver leakagesignal is a significant limiting factor for ultra-short rangeperformance.

SUMMARY

The embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems foraltimeter systems and will be understood by reading and studying thefollowing specification.

The present application relates to an altimeter system. The altimetersystem includes a receiver mixer including an antenna-input and alocal-oscillator-input; a transceiver circulator communicatively coupledto an antenna via a transmission line having a selected length andcommunicatively coupled to the antenna-input of the receiver mixer; anda transmitter configured to output a transmitter signal to the antennavia the transceiver circulator. The transmitter signal is frequencymodulated with a linear ramp. The transmitter is communicatively coupledto the receiver mixer to input a local oscillator signal at thelocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer. The receiver mixer iscommunicatively coupled to input a target-reflected signal from theantenna at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer. The target-reflectedsignal is reflected from a target to the antenna. The selected length ofthe transmission line is set so that a composite-leakage signal at theantenna-input of the receiver mixer has a linear phase across a sweepbandwidth.

DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows an exemplary frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW)transmitter signal linearly ramped in frequency versus time;

FIG. 1B shows a ramped segment of the exemplary FMCW transmitter signalof FIG. 1A and an exemplary target-reflected signal;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of an altimeter system inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows various phase and amplitude responses of an embodiment of aprior art altimeter system exhibiting strong non-linear phase due toantenna-return-loss amplitude nulls;

FIG. 4 shows various phase and amplitude responses of an embodiment of aprior art altimeter system exhibiting non-linear phase due tocomposite-leakage-amplitude nulls;

FIG. 5A shows various phase and amplitude responses of one embodiment ofan altimeter system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5B shows an exemplary output voltage of the receiver mixer of FIG.2, in accordance with the present invention, contrasted with outputvoltages of prior art receiver mixers; and

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a method to reduceself-interference in a single antenna frequency modulated continuouswave (FMCW) altimeter system in accordance with the present invention.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The single antenna FMCW altimeter systems and method of operationdescribed herein minimize the effect of self-interference from the shortpath transceiver leakage signal so the altimeter system accuratelydetects ranges (distance to targets) of less than 4 feet. FMCW systemsare homodyne systems in which the local oscillator (LO) signal to areceiver mixer is derived directly from a transmitter signal. In somecases, the LO signal is a sample of the transmitter signal coupled (fed)directly from the transmitter output to the LO input of the mixer. Thephrases “altimeter”, “radar altimeter”, and “radio altimeter” are usedinterchangeably herein.

FIG. 1A shows an exemplary frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW)transmitter signal 210 linearly ramped in frequency versus time. DuringFMCW operation of a radar or radio altimeter, the transmitter signal 210is repetitively frequency modulated with a linear ramp (i.e., repetitivefrequency sweeps at a constant rate versus time in either a positive ornegative direction). Each of the repetitive frequency sweeps is afrequency chirp. The exemplary ramped segments of FIG. 1A, which arerepresented generally at 210(1-N), where N is a positive integer, rangein frequency from f_(min) to f_(max) and are swept in a positivedirection. A portion of the frequencies within a range of frequenciesfrom f_(min) to f_(max) is referred to herein as the sweep bandwidth211. As defined herein, term “sweep bandwidth 211” is the “useablebandwidth” that is usable by the radar altimeter. The sweep bandwidth211 is also referred to herein as an “operating bandwidth of analtimeter system”.

The useable bandwidth is generally somewhat smaller than the “totalfrequency sweep”, which is shown in FIG. 1A as “f_(max)−f_(min)”. Atypical range of the sweep bandwidth 211 is equal to or greater thanf_(min)+[0.1(f_(max)−f_(min))] to f_(max)−[0.1(f_(max)−f_(min))] or ≧80%or more of the total sweep bandwidth (f_(max)−f_(min)). The useablebandwidth is somewhat dependent on the maximum target range requirementsince the LO signal and target return signals have minimum sweep overlapat the maximum range. In one implementation of this embodiment, theuseable bandwidth is between 80-85% of the total sweep bandwidth. Inanother implementation of this embodiment, the useable bandwidth is 85%of the total sweep bandwidth. In yet another implementation of thisembodiment, the useable bandwidth is about 90% of the total sweepbandwidth.

The transmitter signal 210 sweeps from f_(min) to f_(max) over a timeΔt. This sweep is repeated during FMCW operation of the altimeter sothat the transmitter signal 210 has a saw-tooth pattern as shown in FIG.1A. In one implementation of this embodiment, the sweep of thetransmitter signal 210 has a triangle pattern.

FIG. 1B shows a ramped segment of the exemplary FMCW transmitter signal210 of FIG. 1A and an exemplary target-reflected signal 220. FIG. 2 is ablock diagram of one embodiment of an altimeter system 10 in accordancewith the present invention. The altimeter system 10 includes atransmitter 100, a transceiver circulator 110, a receiver mixer 120, alocal oscillator (LO) delay line 130, a receiver intermediate frequency(IF) module 140, a transmission line 145, and an antenna 150. Thereceiver mixer 120 includes an antenna-input 121 and alocal-oscillator-input 122. The transceiver circulator 110 has adirectivity represented generally at 111. The transceiver circulator 110is communicatively coupled to the antenna 150 via the transmission line145 that has a selected length L_(selected).

The transmitter signal 210 is generated at the transmitter 100. Thetransmitter signal 210 is directed to the antenna 150 by the transceivercirculator 110. The transmitter signal 210 is emitted by the antenna 150and propagates from the antenna 150 to a target 50. At least a portion,of the transmitter signal 210 is reflected by the target 50 astarget-reflected signal 220 back to the antenna 150. Thetarget-reflected signal 220 is received at the antenna 150 andpropagates through the transceiver circulator 110 to the antenna-input121 of receiver mixer 120. The transmitter signal 210 is also directedto the LO delay line 130. LO delay line 130 delays the receivedtransmitter signal 210 and outputs the LO signal 230 to thelocal-oscillator-input 122 of the receiver mixer 120.

As shown in FIG. 1B, for the range of times between t₁ and t₂, thefrequency of the target-reflected signal 220 input at the antenna-input121 of the receiver mixer 120 differs from the frequency of the localoscillator signal 230 input at the local-oscillator-input 122 of thereceiver mixer 120 by a constant amount (Δf). This frequency differenceequals the amount of the frequency sweep that has occurred during thetime required for the transmitter signal 210 to travel the distance fromthe transmitter to the target and back to the receiver minus the LOdelay time. Thus, the distance d_(target) to the target 50 from theantenna 150 is proportional to the difference frequency Δf. The outputfrom IF-output 123 of the receiver mixer 120 is an intermediatefrequency (IF) signal 245 that has a frequency equal to the frequencydifference Δf. The receiver intermediate frequency (IF) module 140processes the IF signals 245 to determine the distance d_(target) to thetarget 50.

The transmitter signal 210 leaks into the receiver mixer 120 throughleakage paths within the altimeter system 10. As shown in FIG. 2, thecirculator-leakage signal 242 is the portion of the transmitter signal210 that is backwards coupled in the transceiver circulator 110 (i.e.,transmitted in the direction that is opposite the low-loss rotationaldirection 111 of the of the transceiver circulator 110). The low-lossrotational direction 111 is also referred to herein as “directivity111”. The antenna-reflection-leakage signal 241 is the portion of thetransmitter signal 210 that is reflected from the antenna 150 (at theinterface 124 between the antenna 150 and the transmission line 145)into the receiver mixer 120. The circulator-leakage signal 242 and theantenna-reflection-leakage signal 241 are superimposed at theantenna-input 121 of the receiver mixer 120 as the composite-leakagesignal 240. Thus, the composite-leakage signal 240 is a coherentsuperposition of the antenna-reflection-leakage signal 241 and thecirculator-leakage signal 242 at the antenna input 121 of the receivermixer 120.

The altimeter system 10 is designed to control the output of thereceiver mixer 120 to avoid self-interference due to phase and/oramplitude detection of the composite leakage signal 240. In order toobtain accurate ultra-short range (1-4 feet) performance, the receivermixer output signal must have little or no alternating current (AC)content, due to internal leakage, that could interfere with the very lowfrequency IF signals produced by an ultra-short range target reflection.Specifically, the phase of the transmitter output across the sweepbandwidth 211 is linear, the phase of the composite-leakage signal 240at the antenna-input 121 of the receiver mixer 120 is linear across thesweep bandwidth, and the phase of the LO signal 230 at thelocal-oscillator-input 122 of the receiver mixer 120 maintains aquadrature relationship (90° or 270°) to the phase of thecomposite-leakage signal 240. By maintaining a quadrature phaserelationship between the LO signal 230 and the composite-leakage signal240, the energy in the composite-leakage signal 240 is converted to azero volt IF signal 245 by the phase detector properties of the receivermixer 120. Thus, the altimeter system 10 is able to determine anultra-short distance to a target 50 that is less than 4 feet from thealtimeter system 10.

To ensure the phase of the composite-leakage signal 240 at theantenna-input 121 of the receiver mixer 120 is linear across the sweepbandwidth 211, the composite-leakage signal 240 is compensated veryprecisely so that both phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation(AM) detection is nulled at the output 123 of the receiver mixer 120.

FIG. 3 shows various phase and amplitude responses of an embodiment of aprior art altimeter system exhibiting strong non-linear phase due toantenna-return-loss amplitude nulls. As defined herein, a phase responseis the phase angle of a signal versus frequency. As defined herein, anamplitude response is the amplitude of a signal versus frequency. Asdefined herein, an “antenna-return-loss amplitude null” (also referredto herein as an “amplitude null in the antenna return signal”) is alocal minimum in the amplitude response of the antenna-reflected signalreceived from the antenna at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer. Asthe frequency repeatedly chirps across the sweep-frequency range (i.e.,the sweep bandwidth), any antenna-return-loss amplitude nulls in thesweep-frequency range are repeated with every frequency chirp. As shownin FIG. 3, the sweep bandwidth 211 is between the dashed vertical lines450 and 451. As shown in FIG. 3, the exemplary sweep-frequency rangeextends from 4200 MHz to 4400 MHz, but other ranges are possible.

Plot 409 is the amplitude response of the antenna-return signalreflected from the antenna in a prior art altimeter system. Theantenna-return-loss amplitude nulls are shown in plot 409 to be around4220 MHz and 4380 MHz. Antenna-return-loss amplitude nulls are theresult of tuning the antenna impedance match for maximum power transferinto the antenna. Nulls in the amplitude response also are indicative ofphase non-linearities in the phase response plot 410. As a result, thecomposite-leakage-amplitude plot 408 and phase plot 406 also containnulls and non-linearities respectively.

The phase angle in degrees versus frequency (phase response) of anantenna return signal input at the antenna-input of the transceivercirculator 110 is shown in plot 410. Plot 410 has large phasenon-linearities at about 4220 MHz and 4380 MHz corresponding to theantenna-return-loss amplitude nulls at about 4220 MHz and 4380 MHz.

The phase angle in degrees versus frequency (phase response) of a localoscillator signal input at the local-oscillator-input the receiver mixeris plot 405. Since the LO path between the transmitter and the receivermixer includes a power coupling circuit and a transmission line delayline, the phase response at the local-oscillator-input is linear versusfrequency. The phase angle in degrees versus frequency (phase response)of a composite-leakage signal input at the antenna-input of the receivermixer 120 is shown in plot 406. The composite-leakage signal phaseresponse also exhibits phase non-linearities at about 4220 MHz and atabout 4380 MHz.

The difference in phase angle between the phase response of the LOsignal (plot 405) and the phase response of the composite-leakage signal(plot 406) is shown as plot 407. The adjustment for quadrature is doneby an adjusting the delay line length until plot 407 lies most closelyalong the 270 degree or the 90 degree phase angle line. As shown in FIG.3, plot 407 bends away from the 270 degree phase line around 4220 MHzand 4380 MHz due to the composite leakage phase non-linearities, whichare due to the antenna-return-loss phase non-linearities around 4220 MHzand 4380 MHz.

FIG. 4 shows various phase and amplitude responses of an embodiment of aprior art altimeter system exhibiting non-linear phase due tocomposite-leakage-amplitude nulls. As shown in FIG. 4, acomposite-leakage-amplitude null, which is due to the coherentsubtraction of two leakage signals of similar amplitude but 180° phasedifference, is exhibited within the sweep bandwidth 211. The amplituderesponse of the composite-leakage signal is shown in plot 418. Plot 418shows a composite-leakage-amplitude null at approximately 4327 MHz. Asdefined herein a “composite-leakage-amplitude null” is a local minimumin the amplitude response of the composite-leakage signal received atthe antenna-input of the receiver mixer.

The composite-leakage-amplitude null is due to 180 degree cancellationcaused by interference between leakage signals that form thecomposite-leakage signal. Specifically, the amplitude of thecomposite-leakage signal has a local minimum when the phase differencebetween the circulator-leakage signal and the antenna-reflection-leakagesignal is 180 degrees at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer. Whenthe phase difference between the circulator-leakage signal and theantenna-reflection-leakage signal at the antenna-input of the receivermixer is 180 degrees, the circulator-leakage signal and theantenna-reflection-leakage signal coherently subtract and the amplitudeof the composite-leakage signal is nulled (goes to zero).

Plot 419 is the amplitude response of the antenna-reflection leakage. Asshown in FIG. 4, plot 419 does not have any significantantenna-return-loss amplitude nulls. Thus, FIG. 4 only shows thedeleterious effect of composite-leakage-amplitude nulls due to coherentsubtraction. In FIG. 4, the sweep-frequency range is the same as shownin FIG. 3.

The phase angle in degrees versus frequency (phase response) of anantenna-reflection leakage signal input at the antenna-input of thereceiver mixer is shown in plot 420, which is linear across thesweep-frequency range 211. The phase angle in degrees versus frequency(phase response) of a local oscillator signal input at thelocal-oscillator-input the receiver mixer is plot 415, which is linearacross the sweep-frequency range 211.

The phase angle in degrees versus frequency (phase response) of acomposite-leakage signal input at the antenna-input of the receivermixer is shown in plot 416. Since the phase of the composite-leakagesignal reverses (changes) its slope versus frequency near thecomposite-leakage-amplitude nulls, the plot 416 has a phasenon-linearity around frequency 4327 MHz corresponding to thecomposite-leakage-amplitude null at about 4327 MHz in plot 418.

The difference in phase angle between the phase response of the LOsignal (plot 415) and the phase response of the composite-leakage signal(plot 416) with an adjustment for quadrature (270°) is shown in plot417. The adjustment for quadrature is done by an adjusting the delayline length until plot 417 lies most closely along the 270 degree (or 90degree) degree phase angle line.

When the amplitude of the antenna-reflection-leakage signal is greaterthan about one tenth ( 1/10) the amplitude of the circulator-leakagesignal, its contribution to the composite-leakage signal is sufficientto impart the non-linear phase characteristic onto the composite-leakagesignal.

Thus, as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, prior art single antenna FMCWradar systems have two types of problems to address to be able toaccurately detect ranges (distance to targets) of less than 4 feet. Inorder for the composite-leakage signal 240 to be in quadrature with theLO signal 230 across the usable sweep-frequency range (frequencybandwidth 211), the phase characteristic of the composite-leakage signal240 must also be linear versus frequency. As noted above, thecomposite-leakage signal 240 is comprised primarily of a combination ofthe circulator-leakage signal 242 and the antenna-reflection-leakagesignal 241. These two signals combine coherently at the input to themixer.

The phase versus frequency of the composite-leakage signal is highlyinfluenced by two conditions: the antenna-reflection-leakage signalphase; and the phase difference between the circulator-leakage signal242 and the antenna-reflection-leakage signal 241. In order to addressthe former condition, the input impedance of the antenna 150 is tuned sothe reflected signal has no amplitude nulls, and therefore no associatedphase non-linearities. The altimeter system and method of operating asdescribed herein address the latter condition by use of the transmissionline 145 that has a selected length L_(selected).

The path length of the circulator leakage is generally not variable. Aproper selection of the selected length L_(selected) has the effect ofshifting the composite-leakage-amplitude nulls either higher or lower infrequency and out of the frequency bandwidth 211. The selected lengthL_(selected) is chosen such that any composite-leakage-amplitude nullare outside the operating range and the phase response is essentiallylinear within the sweep range 211.

Since the receiver mixer acts as both a phase detector and an amplitudedetector to the composite-leakage signal, there is only one conditionthat guarantees a DC voltage IF output of the receiver mixer such thatinternal leakage does not produce any AC voltages to interfere withdetection of ultra-short range target return signals. If thecomposite-leakage signal 240 does not have a constant amplitude responseas is always the case (see plot 508 in FIG. 5A), the phase relationshipbetween LO signal 230 and composite-leakage signal 240 must bequadrature (90 degrees or 270 degrees) (see plot 507 in FIG. 5A) so thatphase detection will produce 0 VDC at the receiver mixer IF output 246for all amplitudes of composite-leakage. When the composite leakagephase response is linear, a length of transmission line (delay line) inthe LO path is designed to produce the quadrature condition at thereceiver mixer over the sweep range 211.

FIG. 5A shows various phase and amplitude responses of an embodiment ofan altimeter system 10 in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 5Ashows an example of the phase response and amplitude response of thecomposite-leakage signal 240 for the altimeter system 10 in which thetransmission line 145 has the selected length L_(selected). For thealtimeter system 10, the composite-leakage-amplitude nulls are shiftedabove and below the operating bandwidth 211 of the altimeter system 10by a proper selection of the selected length L_(selected). The selectedlength L_(selected) is selected so the path, upon which theantenna-reflection-leakage signal 241 travels, properly centers thecomposite leakage response on the sweep range 211.

In FIG. 5A, the amplitude response of the composite-leakage signal isshown in plot 508. Plot 508 is smooth and has no nulls in the sweeprange 211. Thus, there is no composite-leakage-amplitude null due to 180degree interference between circulator-leakage signal 242 and theantenna-reflection-leakage signal 241 at the antenna-input 121 of thereceiver mixer 120. Plot 509 is the amplitude response of theantenna-return signal reflected from the antenna, which is alsorelatively flat due to proper tuning of the antenna input impedance atthe antenna input 124 (FIG. 2). Thus, plot 509 does not have anysignificant antenna-return-loss amplitude nulls.

The phase angle in degrees versus frequency (phase response) of anantenna return signal input at the antenna-input of the receiver mixeris shown in plot 510, which is linear across the sweep-frequency range211. The phase angle in degrees versus frequency (phase response) of alocal oscillator signal 230 input at the local-oscillator-input 122 ofthe receiver mixer 120 is plot 505, which is linear across thesweep-frequency range 211.

The phase angle in degrees versus frequency (phase response) of acomposite-leakage signal input at the antenna-input of the receivermixer is shown in plot 506. The plot 506 has a linear phase as indicatedby the fact that the amplitude response of the composite-leakage signal240 shown in plot 508 has no amplitude nulls inside the sweep-frequencyrange 211.

The difference in phase angle between the phase response of the LOsignal (plot 505) and the phase response of the composite-leakage signal(plot 506) with an adjustment for quadrature (270°) is shown in plot507. The adjustment for quadrature is done by an adjusting the length ofthe LO delay line 130 until plot 507 lies most closely along the 270degree phase angle line. The difference in phase angle shown in plot 507is flat across the complete sweep-frequency range 211 and lies preciselyalong the 270 phase angle line.

FIG. 5B shows an exemplary output voltage of the receiver mixer 120 ofFIG. 2, in accordance with the present invention, contrasted with outputvoltages of prior art receiver mixers. The predicted output voltage ofthe receiver mixer 120 of the altimeter system 10 of FIG. 2, whichinputs fully compensated phase responses of FIG. 5A, is shown as plot520. The predicted output voltage of a receiver mixer inputting thephase responses of FIG. 3 is shown as plot 522. The predicted outputvoltage of the receiver mixer inputting the phase responses of FIG. 4 isshown as plot 521. The output voltage 520 from the receiver mixer 120 isrelatively flat compared to the predicted output voltage of a receivermixers of the prior art receiver mixers. Specifically, the outputvoltage 520 is a DC voltage with very little AC voltage across theoperating bandwidth of the altimeter system 10 compared to the voltages521 and 522 output from uncompensated prior art systems.

The composite-leakage-amplitude nulls are corrected by setting thetransmission line to the selected length L_(selected) in order to ensurethe two leakage signals have a near zero (0) degree phase differencethroughout the sweep-frequency range. Specifically, referring to FIG. 2,the problem illustrated in FIG. 4 is corrected by setting the selectedlength L_(selected) of the transmission line 145 so that thecomposite-leakage signal 240 at the antenna-input 121 of the receivermixer 120 has a linear phase across the sweep bandwidth 211.

The altimeter system 10 of FIG. 2 ensures the amplitudes and the phaserelationship between the composite-leakage signal 240 and LO signal 230are constant across the sweep bandwidth 211 to produce a constant, orDC, detected output voltage (plot 520 as shown in FIG. 5B). The antenna150 of the altimeter system 10 of FIG. 2 is designed with relativelyconstant return loss and linear return phase across the sweep-frequencyrange.

In summary, self-interference in a single antenna frequency modulatedcontinuous wave (FMCW) altimeter system is reduced as follows. The phaseof the composite-leakage signal 240 input to the antenna-input 121 ofthe receiver mixer 120 is controlled to be linear across a sweepbandwidth 211 by shifting composite-leakage-amplitude nulls outside theoperating bandwidth 211 of the altimeter system 10. The selected lengthof the transmission line 145 is selected to ensure the composite-leakagesignal 240 input to the antenna-input 121 of the receiver mixer 120 islinear across the sweep bandwidth 211. The input impedance of an antenna150 is tuned to remove antenna-return-loss amplitude nulls from theoperating bandwidth 211 of the altimeter system 10. Techniques to tunethe input impedance of an antenna are known in the art.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a method 600 to reduceself-interference in a single antenna frequency modulated continuouswave (FMCW) altimeter system in accordance with the present invention.The method 600 is described with reference to the single antennafrequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) altimeter system 10 of FIG.2, but method 600 is applicable to other altimeter systems.

At block 602, a transmitter signal 210 having a linear ramp in frequencyover the operating bandwidth 211 of the altimeter system 10 is generatedat a transmitter 100.

At block 604, an input impedance of an antenna 150 is tuned to shiftantenna-return-loss amplitude nulls and their associated phasenon-linearities outside of the operating bandwidth 211 of the altimetersystem 10. This tuning of the antenna impedance results in a linearphase response within the operating bandwidth 211.

At block 606, composite-leakage-amplitude nulls in a phase response of acomposite-leakage signal and the associated phase non-linearities areshifted outside an operating bandwidth 211 of the altimeter system 10.The composite-leakage signal 240 is a coherent superposition of anantenna-reflection-leakage signal 241 and a circulator-leakage signal242 at the antenna input 121 of the receiver mixer 120. A selectedlength L_(selected) of the transmission line 145 is selected to ensurethat any 180 degree phase difference between theantenna-reflection-leakage signal 241 and the circulator-leakage signal242 occurs at frequencies outside of the sweep bandwidth 211. In thismanner, a phase response of a composite-leakage signal 240 input to anantenna-input 121 of a receiver mixer 120 is controlled to be linearacross a sweep bandwidth 210.

At block 608, a phase of a local oscillator signal 230 input to alocal-oscillator-input 122 of the receiver mixer 122 is adjusted, byadjusting the phase length of the LO delay line 130, to maintain aquadrature relationship to a phase of the composite-leakage signal 240input to an antenna-input 121 of the receiver mixer 122 across theoperating bandwidth 211 of the altimeter system 10. Thus, the phaseresponse of the local oscillator signal 230 input to alocal-oscillator-input 122 is at 90 degrees or 270 degrees with respectto the phase response of the composite-leakage signal 240 input to theantenna-input 121.

At block 610, an intermediate frequency (IF) signal 245 is output fromthe receiver mixer 120. The IF signal 245 contains a DC voltage andlittle or no AC voltage and it does not interfere with low frequencysignals from ultra-short range target reflections. At block 612, the IFsignal 245 is input at a receiver intermediate frequency module 140. Atblock 614, the receiver intermediate frequency module 140 processes theinput from the receiver mixer 120 to determine a distance of less than 4feet between a target and the altimeter system based on the inputting ofthe IF signal. In this manner, an ultra-short distance to a target 50from an altimeter system 10 is accurately determined.

Example Embodiments

Example 1 includes an altimeter system, comprising a receiver mixerincluding an antenna-input and a local-oscillator-input; a transceivercirculator communicatively coupled to an antenna via a transmission linehaving a selected length and communicatively coupled to theantenna-input of the receiver mixer; and a transmitter configured tooutput a transmitter signal to the antenna via the transceivercirculator, wherein the transmitter signal is frequency modulated with alinear ramp, wherein the transmitter is communicatively coupled to thereceiver mixer to input a local oscillator signal at thelocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer, wherein the receiver mixeris communicatively coupled to input a target-reflected signal from theantenna at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer, wherein thetarget-reflected signal is reflected from a target to the antenna, andwherein the selected length of the transmission line is set so that acomposite-leakage signal at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer hasa linear phase across a sweep bandwidth.

Example 2 includes the altimeter system of Example 1, wherein anantenna-reflection-leakage signal of the transmitter signal is reflectedby the antenna to the antenna-input of the receiver mixer via thecirculator, wherein a circulator-leakage signal of the transmittersignal is transmitted from the transmitter via the circulator to theantenna-input of the receiver mixer, wherein theantenna-reflection-leakage signal and the circulator-leakage signal aresuperimposed at the antenna input of the receiver mixer as thecomposite-leakage signal, and wherein, based on the selected length ofthe transmission line, 180 degree phase differences between theantenna-reflection-leakage signal and the circulator-leakage signaloccur at frequencies outside of the sweep bandwidth.

Example 3 includes the altimeter system of any of Examples 1-2, whereina phase of the local-oscillator signal received at thelocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer maintains a quadraturerelationship to the phase of the composite-leakage signal.

Example 4 includes the altimeter system of any of Examples 1-3, furtherincluding a local oscillator delay line configured to input thetransmitter signal from the transmitter and to output the localoscillator signal derived from the transmitter signal to thelocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer.

Example 5 includes the altimeter system of any of Examples 1-4, furtherincluding a local oscillator delay line configured to input thetransmitter signal from the transmitter and to output the localoscillator signal derived from the transmitter signal to thelocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer.

Example 6 includes the altimeter system of any of Examples 1-5, furtherincluding the antenna configured to transmit the transmitter signaltoward the target and configured to receive the target-reflected signal.

Example 7 includes the altimeter system of any of Examples 1-6, whereinthe transmitter signal from the transmitter is output to thelocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer as the local oscillatorsignal.

Example 8 includes the altimeter system of any of Examples 1-7, furtherincluding a receiver intermediate frequency module communicativelycoupled to input an intermediate frequency (IF) signal output from thereceiver mixer.

Example 9 includes a method to reduce self-interference in a singleantenna frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) altimeter system, themethod including shifting composite-leakage-amplitude nulls outside anoperating bandwidth of the altimeter system; and adjusting a phase of alocal oscillator signal input to a local-oscillator-input of a receivermixer to maintain a quadrature relationship to a phase of thecomposite-leakage signal input to an antenna-input of the receiver mixeracross the operating bandwidth of the altimeter system.

Example 10 includes the method of Example 9, further including tuning aninput impedance of an antenna to shift antenna-return-loss amplitudenulls and their associated phase non-linearities outside of theoperating bandwidth of the altimeter system.

Example 11 includes the method of any of Examples 9-10, wherein thecomposite-leakage signal is a coherent superposition of anantenna-reflection-leakage signal and a circulator-leakage signal at theantenna input of the receiver mixer, and wherein shiftingcomposite-leakage-amplitude nulls comprises selecting the selectedlength of a transmission line to ensure that 180 degree phasedifferences between the antenna-reflection-leakage signal and thecirculator-leakage signal occur at frequencies outside of the operatingbandwidth of the altimeter system.

Example 12 includes the method of any of Examples 9-11, furtherincluding generating a transmitter signal having a linear ramp infrequency over the operating bandwidth of the altimeter system at atransmitter.

Example 13 includes the method of any of Examples 9-12, furtherincluding outputting an intermediate frequency (IF) signal from thereceiver mixer; and inputting the IF signal at a receiver intermediatefrequency module.

Example 14 includes the method of Example 13, further includingdetermining a distance of less than 4 feet between a target and thealtimeter system based on the inputting of the IF signal.

Example 15 includes a method to reduce self-interference in a singleantenna frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar altimeter, themethod including controlling a phase response of a composite-leakagesignal input to an antenna-input of a receiver mixer to be linear acrossa sweep bandwidth; and adjusting a phase response of a local oscillatorsignal input to a local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer so thatthe phase response of the local oscillator signal input at thelocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer maintains a quadraturerelationship to the phase response of the composite-leakage signal inputat the antenna-input of the receiver mixer across the sweep bandwidth.

Example 16 includes the method of Example 15, wherein the radaraltimeter includes a circulator and an antenna communicatively coupledby a transmission line having a selected length, wherein controlling thephase of the composite-leakage signal input to the antenna-input of thereceiver mixer includes selecting the selected length of thetransmission line.

Example 17 includes the method of Example 16, wherein thecomposite-leakage signal is a coherent superposition of anantenna-reflection-leakage signal and a circulator-leakage signal at theantenna input of the receiver mixer, and wherein selecting the selectedlength of the transmission line includes selecting the length of thetransmission line to ensure that 180 degree phase differences betweenthe antenna-reflection-leakage signal and the circulator-leakage signaloccur at frequencies outside of the sweep bandwidth.

Example 18 includes the method of any of Examples 15-17, whereincontrolling the phase of the antenna-reflection-leakage signal acrossthe sweep bandwidth includes generating a transmitter signal having alinear ramp in frequency over the sweep bandwidth at a transmitter.

Example 19 includes the method of any of Examples 15-18, whereinadjusting the phase response of a local oscillator signal input at alocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer comprises maintaining a 90degree or a 270 degree angular phase relationship between the phase ofthe composite-leakage signal input at the antenna-input and the phase ofthe local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer across the sweepbandwidth.

Example 20 includes the method of any of Examples 15-19, furtherincluding: outputting an intermediate frequency (IF) signal from thereceiver mixer; inputting the IF signal at a receiver intermediatefrequency module; and determining a distance of less than 4 feet to atarget from the altimeter system based on the inputting of the IFsignal.

A number of embodiments of the invention defined by the following claimshave been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that variousmodifications to the described embodiments may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the claimed invention. Accordingly, otherembodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An altimeter system, comprising: a receiver mixerincluding an antenna-input and a local-oscillator-input; a transceivercirculator communicatively coupled to an antenna via a transmission linehaving a selected length and communicatively coupled to theantenna-input of the receiver mixer; and a transmitter configured tooutput a transmitter signal to the antenna via the transceivercirculator, wherein the transmitter signal is frequency modulated with alinear ramp, wherein the transmitter is communicatively coupled to thereceiver mixer to input a local oscillator signal at thelocal-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer, wherein the receiver mixeris communicatively coupled to input a target-reflected signal from theantenna at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer, wherein thetarget-reflected signal is reflected from a target to the antenna, andwherein the selected length of the transmission line is set so that acomposite-leakage signal at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer hasa linear phase across a sweep bandwidth.
 2. The altimeter system ofclaim 1, wherein an antenna-reflection-leakage signal of the transmittersignal is reflected by the antenna to the antenna-input of the receivermixer via the transceiver circulator, wherein a circulator-leakagesignal of the transmitter signal is transmitted from the transmitter viathe transceiver circulator to the antenna-input of the receiver mixer,wherein the antenna-reflection-leakage signal and the circulator-leakagesignal are superimposed at the antenna input of the receiver mixer asthe composite-leakage signal, and wherein, based on the selected lengthof the transmission line, 180 degree phase differences between theantenna-reflection-leakage signal and the circulator-leakage signaloccur at frequencies outside of the sweep bandwidth.
 3. The altimetersystem of claim 1, wherein a phase of the local-oscillator signalreceived at the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer maintains aquadrature relationship to the phase of the composite-leakage signal. 4.The altimeter system of claim 3, further comprising a local oscillatordelay line configured to input the transmitter signal from thetransmitter and to output the local oscillator signal derived from thetransmitter signal to the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer.5. The altimeter system of claim 1, further comprising a localoscillator delay line configured to input the transmitter signal fromthe transmitter and to output the local oscillator signal derived fromthe transmitter signal to the local-oscillator-input of the receivermixer.
 6. The altimeter system of claim 1, further comprising theantenna configured to transmit the transmitter signal toward the targetand configured to receive the target-reflected signal.
 7. The altimetersystem of claim 1, wherein the transmitter signal from the transmitteris output to the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer as thelocal oscillator signal.
 8. The altimeter system of claim 1, furthercomprising a receiver intermediate frequency module communicativelycoupled to input an intermediate frequency (IF) signal output from thereceiver mixer.
 9. A method to reduce self-interference in a singleantenna frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) altimeter system, themethod comprising: shifting composite-leakage-amplitude nulls outside anoperating bandwidth of the altimeter system; and adjusting a phase of alocal oscillator signal input to a local-oscillator-input of a receivermixer to maintain a quadrature relationship to a phase of thecomposite-leakage signal input to an antenna-input of the receiver mixeracross the operating bandwidth of the altimeter system.
 10. The methodof claim 9, further comprising: tuning an input impedance of an antennato shift antenna-return-loss amplitude nulls and their associated phasenon-linearities outside of the operating bandwidth of the altimetersystem.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the composite-leakage signalis a coherent superposition of an antenna-reflection-leakage signal anda circulator-leakage signal at the antenna input of the receiver mixer,and wherein shifting composite-leakage-amplitude nulls comprises:selecting the selected length of a transmission line to ensure that 180degree phase differences between the antenna-reflection-leakage signaland the circulator-leakage signal occur at frequencies outside of theoperating bandwidth of the altimeter system.
 12. The method of claim 9,further comprising: generating a transmitter signal having a linear rampin frequency over the operating bandwidth of the altimeter system at atransmitter.
 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising: outputtingan intermediate frequency (IF) signal from the receiver mixer; andinputting the IF signal at a receiver intermediate frequency module. 14.The method of claim 13, further comprising: determining a distance ofless than 4 feet between a target and the altimeter system based on theinputting of the IF signal.
 15. A method to reduce self-interference ina single antenna frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radaraltimeter, the method comprising: controlling a phase response of acomposite-leakage signal input to an antenna-input of a receiver mixerto be linear across a sweep bandwidth; and adjusting a phase response ofa local oscillator signal input to a local-oscillator-input of thereceiver mixer so that the phase response of the local oscillator signalinput at the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer maintains aquadrature relationship to the phase response of the composite-leakagesignal input at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer across the sweepbandwidth.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the radar altimeterincludes a circulator and an antenna communicatively coupled by atransmission line having a selected length, wherein controlling thephase of the composite-leakage signal input to the antenna-input of thereceiver mixer comprises: selecting the selected length of thetransmission line.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein thecomposite-leakage signal is a coherent superposition of anantenna-reflection-leakage signal and a circulator-leakage signal at theantenna input of the receiver mixer, and wherein selecting the selectedlength of the transmission line comprises: selecting the length of thetransmission line to ensure that 180 degree phase differences betweenthe antenna-reflection-leakage signal and the circulator-leakage signaloccur at frequencies outside of the sweep bandwidth.
 18. The method ofclaim 15, wherein controlling the phase of theantenna-reflection-leakage signal across the sweep bandwidth comprises:generating a transmitter signal having a linear ramp in frequency overthe sweep bandwidth at a transmitter.
 19. The method of claim 15,wherein adjusting the phase response of a local oscillator signal inputat a local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer comprises maintaininga 90 degree or a 270 degree angular phase relationship between the phaseof the composite-leakage signal input at the antenna-input and the phaseof the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer across the sweepbandwidth.
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising: outputting anintermediate frequency (IF) signal from the receiver mixer; inputtingthe IF signal at a receiver intermediate frequency module; anddetermining a distance of less than 4 feet to a target from thealtimeter system based on the inputting of the IF signal.